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Virtual Private Networks - The Basics

2008-06-09T04:39:00.001-07:00

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) can extend a local area network (LAN) over the Internet to remote networks and remote client machines. A VPN uses the Internet to route LAN traffic from one location to another by encapsulating the data inside encrypted IP packets. The encrypted packets are unreadable by intermediary Internet devices and can contain any kind of network communications - such as file and printer sharing, e-mail, remote procedure calls, and database access.

VPNs can be setup using server computers, firewalls or routers. Client access to the VPN can be made using client-side VPN software or by connecting to an ISP that supports the VPN protocol.

VPNs solve the problem of accessing private servers over the Internet through a combination of IP encapsulation, cryptographic authentication and data payload encryption.

IP Encapsulation
IP encapsulation provides a way to protect the data while in transit between the remote client and the private LAN. Computers outside the VPN should not be able to snoop on the traffic exchanged between the remote client and private server or be able to insert their own data into the communication stream. This is accomplished by creating what people refer to as a private and protected "tunnel" through the public Internet. When an IP packet contains another IP packet this is called IP encapsulation, and it provides a mechanism to refer to a host within a private network when a direct network connection may not exist. When this is combined with data encryption then we've effectively created our virtual tunnel.

Cryptographic Authentication
Cryptographic Authentication is used to securely validate the identity of the remote client so that the private LAN can determine what level of security should be applied to that user. VPNs use the authentication process to determine whether or not a remote user can participate in the encrypted tunnel, and for exchanging the public key that will subsequently be used for data encryption.

Data Payload Encryption
Data Payload Encryption uses a public key to encrypt the data field of the IP encapsulated packet. That is, data payload encryption is exactly like normal IP except that the data has been encrypted. It does not encrypt the header information, so details of the private network can be gleaned by analyzing the header information.

Advantages and Disadvantages
Compared to Wide Area Networks (WANs), VPNs offer some advantages but, also, present some disadvantages.

 Advantages - cheaper than WANs - easier to setup than WANs Disadvantages - slower than WANs - less reliable than WANs - less secure than isolated WANs

Example
Although there are a number of ways to configure a VPN here is an example of one scenario that is fairly common -- an employee wishes to work from home and exchange data between their home machine and a private web server on the corporate network. There are two important processes here -- the process of negotiating and building a VPN session, and the process of protecting and handling the data within an existing VPN connection. Here I'll briefly describe the latter and leave the former as a potential topic for a future article.

Suppose we have the following:
(a) a VPN client with a public IP address of 66.123.77.196 and a private IP address of 192.168.0.202 (provided by the corporation's DHCP server).
(b) a VPN server on the corporate network with two interfaces -- a public interface to the Internet that uses 168.156.192.75 and an interface to the private network with an IP of 192.168.0.101
(c) a web server on the corporate network with an IP address of 192.168.0.102

Prior to creating a VPN session the client host has one interface and a connection to the Internet through an ISP. The client machine can communicate with any host on the Internet but can not access the web server on the private network 192.168.0.X. After the VPN session has been created then the client host has 2 interfaces -- the original interface to the Internet and a new VPN interface. The new VPN interface becomes the default gateway -- that is, all packets will initially travel through the new interface. However, the VPN interface is not a physical network card -- it doesn't physically connect to anything. The VPN interface is used to encrypt and encapsulate packets that are subsequently sent as the payload of a new, outer packet. It is the outer packet that is sent out over the Internet (using the original interface) to the corporate VPN server.

The inner packet will use the client's private IP of 192.168.0.202 as the source IP address and the web server's private IP of 192.168.0.102 as the destination address. The VPN client encrypts the data field of the inner packet and this inner packet then becomes the payload of an outer packet. The outer packet uses the client's public IP of 66.123.77.196 as the source IP address and the public interface of the VPN server (168.156.192.75) as the destination IP. The IP encapsulated packet is then sent to the ISP and out over the Internet.

When the IP encapsulated packet reaches the VPN server at the edge of the private network it will unwrap the inner packet and decrypt its data field. Since the VPN server also has an interface to the private network it will then be able to forward the inner packet to the destination web server. When data is sent from the web server back to the client then the process is reversed -- that is, the VPN server handles the encryption/encapsulation and the VPN client is responsible for unwrapping/decoding.

Steve Leytus is a senior software engineer and develops applications for NutsAboutNets.com. For more information about low cost, PC-based diagnostic tools for installing, optimizing and trouble-shooting 802.11 (Wi-Fi) wireless networks please visit http://www.NutsAboutNets.com

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Virtual Private Networks - The Basics

2008-06-08T09:04:00.001-07:00

VPNs can be setup using server computers, firewalls or routers. Client access to the VPN can be made using client-side VPN software or by connecting to an ISP that supports the VPN protocol.

VPNs solve the problem of accessing private servers over the Internet through a combination of IP encapsulation, cryptographic authentication and data payload encryption.

Advantages and Disadvantages
Compared to Wide Area Networks (WANs), VPNs offer some advantages but, also, present some disadvantages.

 Advantages - cheaper than WANs - easier to setup than WANs Disadvantages - slower than WANs - less reliable than WANs - less secure than isolated WANs

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Free Cell Phone Number Search

2008-06-07T00:07:00.001-07:00

Cell phone numbers are generally not listed in telephone directories for reasons of maintaining confidentiality. In fact the very reason people go in for cell phones is because it offers them privacy. With a cell phone you can virtually choose people whose calls you would like to receive. No longer need you worry about being hassled by unwanted telemarketing agents, constantly pestering you to buy the most mundane things at all the wrong times. Such intrusion of privacy is not possible with a cell phone, to a large extent. Note the word large extent? No longer are cell phone number searches impossible. Thanks to the increasing presence of online resources which offer cell phone number search.

Most of these online search agencies can track cell phone numbers, using reverse lookups? You can now find out the name of the person using a particular cell phone number, his/her address, other related addresses of an individual and possible other names attached to these addresses. So the next time you want to find out a cell phone number, you need not despair. Just surf the net and you will be able to successfully find the all-elusive number. Log on and find out. Although most of these online search agencies charge a fee for these search options, you will be surprised to know that the number of online agencies offering this service free of cost is increasing by the day. Go to these free cell phone number search web sites and key in the relevant requested information. The number you had been searching for is listed in front of you in a matter of seconds. It doesnt stop only with the number; you also get to find out the address. It is just like using your good old yellow pages or any other telephone directory.

Free Cell Phones provides detailed information on Free Cell Phone Games, Free Cell Phone Number Search, Free Cell Phone Offers, Free Cell Phone Plans and more. Free Cell Phones is affiliated with Handheld GPS.

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Dial Up Service Providers Still Have Their Place

2008-06-06T22:33:00.001-07:00

Do you know that that dial up service providers still exist? Well, its certainly difficult to believe that they are still around because most people have made the switch to cable high-speed Internet. Modern technology has really come along way. You can now even roam throughout your house with just a 12 inch Mac in hand. This pure technology that weights only three pounds is probably one of the coolest machines to date.

Do you own anything that can actually do more or accomplish more tasks than a computer? I seriously doubt there is anything that can surpass PCs and Macs in this regard. You can take care of your bills, your banking, order a pizza, chat with friends, do all of you shopping, arrange a trip, plan a dental appointment, schedule an oil change, and just plain surf the web for current events with a contemporary computer. This ultimate machine is utterly phenomenal. In fact, I don't think I could live without it now.

Can you still recall the dial up service providers? If you can, then you are probably familiar with AOL. I bet that you have tried the service of this dial up service provider at some point in your life. Theres also a good chance that your memories with AOL are not very memorable. In my case, I ended up getting kicked off line every time I would log on by dialing in. This can be very irritating when you are in the middle of some long and drawn out email to a buddy or relative.

I can suddenly discover that Im offline after writing about three paragraphs. This means that I have to dial back in. You are actually lucky half the time if you could dial back in with those old-school dial up service providers. There are times that they were so busy that there was no room for me to dial back in. This was very irritating if you had some research to do for a school project or something. I simply blamed the dial up service providers if I received a bad grade.

I guess it's not a very big deal if you are still taking advantage of dial up service providers. I personally could not endure that annoying screeching sound and waiting 2 years for a page to open up. My older sister has to deal with dial up service providers again due to his rural location. Its an easy guess that she hates it.

Morgan Hamilton offers expert advice and great tips regarding all aspects concerning Dial Up Service Providers. Visit our site for more helpful information about Free Internet Dial Up and other similar topics.

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Dial Up Service Providers Still Have Their Place

2008-06-06T03:24:00.001-07:00

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How To Predict Bandwidth Consumption In An ISP Network

2008-06-05T05:27:00.001-07:00

There is no single way to do this. The methods are generally dictated by the level of service you offer or your SLAs (Service Level Agreements).

Most ISPs work with an over subscription model. The assumption is similar to the way phone networks operate - you assume that only a portion of your customer base uses the network at any one time. If everyone starts to use the phone, the network will generally crash. Famous examples of this include the Bay Area in California during the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989.

The key for you is to craft a model that reflects a) the service you desire to offer, b) the legal constraints of your agreements and state policies, and c) practical operating circumstances.

These are interactive. For example, you might include limitations in your service-restore-on-failure policy to reflect the difficulty of debugging a network at 2.00 am on Sunday morning. Most businesses will not care. Few private individuals will be using the net. Those that do, will probably accept such a limit if the other aspects of the service are good value.

Most ISPs run a ratio of signed members to backbone capability. Simple example: We want to offer a 1 Mbps service to users. We are provisioning an OC-3 connection (155 MBps). If we provision at 7:1, we can offer service to 1,085 customers before we have to upgrade our backbone with more capability.

Generally, this ration and consequences will be covered in our servce contract. Disclosing it is necessary to avoid complaints or legal action by customers during period of high traffic in the ISP network.

Customers usually fall into multiple categories, residential and business being the two most obvious. It is common for an ISP with a mix to create customer expectations in line with practical traffic. If you have a set of business customers who work 8-6 on five days a week, it is to your advantage to have lower residential traffic during this time. This may be reflected in lower service contract terms for residential customers during business hours. This is usually acceptable as most customers will also be at work. By contrast, the business user may get a lower service performance during non-business hours.

These variations show that any model must take each of the tiers into account. You can play all kinds of what-if scenarios to get a feel for the "right" mix for you.

Remember to allow for the common customer (e.g. the 5-day 8-6 office) and the more rigorous customer (7 x 24 operation or doing intense backups in the middle of the night). Having multiple pricing tiers and contracts usually cover these circumstances.

An older book that covers the general field and will give you food for thought would be "ISP Survival Guide - Strategies for Running a Competitive ISP" by Geoff Huston (Wiley).

If you find you do need more bandwidth to meet your planned/expected usage .... I suggest taking advantage of the free assistance available to find the right bandwidth solution for your specific application from DS3-Bandwidth.com.

Michael is the owner of FreedomFire Communications....including DS3-Bandwidth.com and Business-VoIP-Solution.com. Michael also authors Broadband Nation where you're always welcome to drop in and catch up on the latest BroadBand news, tips, insights, and ramblings for the masses.

How To Predict Bandwidth Consumption In An ISP Network

2008-06-04T09:50:00.001-07:00

There is no single way to do this. The methods are generally dictated by the level of service you offer or your SLAs (Service Level Agreements).

The key for you is to craft a model that reflects a) the service you desire to offer, b) the legal constraints of your agreements and state policies, and c) practical operating circumstances.

These variations show that any model must take each of the tiers into account. You can play all kinds of what-if scenarios to get a feel for the "right" mix for you.

An older book that covers the general field and will give you food for thought would be "ISP Survival Guide - Strategies for Running a Competitive ISP" by Geoff Huston (Wiley).

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Choosing an Internet Service Provider

2008-06-03T03:12:00.001-07:00

There are many influencing factors to consider when choosing an internet service provider. Often many of these factors will not occur to you until after you have used a service provider and found them unsuitable in some way.

Firstly, consider the location of your chosen ISP, you may want to choose a local company as you have to call up the number to check email and so on. When you are looking for an ISP, you will find prices vary and services are also varied. In this article we will discuss two types of ISP companies.

The small business ISPs are generally popular as they often give great customer service and provide technical support fairly quickly. Prices offered by these providers are often very competitive and service is very good. The small business ISPs are often very enthusiastic about their business and service standards.

Large ISP companies usually have in-house technical support along with many services for businesses. Often these larger ISPs dont offer the flexibility of the smaller ISPs. Large ISP companies usually have many clients and so they arent as eager to please as the smaller ISP companies. Generally you will find that personal ISP account prices are competitive, while business ISP account prices can be greater than the smaller companies. The larger companies have the most technical modern equipment and usually provide a faster internet connection.

When choosing an ISP, it is recommended that you do some research before signing up with your chosen ISP. Make a list of the services you require from your chosen ISP. Search the internet for suitable ISP companies. Email your list of services to your list of ISPs and guage the time of response and type of problem-solving offered. Where possible, consult other businesses which are using a particular ISP and use their experience to ensure you get the best ISP Company.

This may seem a tedious amount of work for a connection to the internet and ISP services, but you will be happy in the knowledge that once the decision is made, your chosen ISP will be able to help your business grow. To take the time now to research possible ISP companies will ultimately save you time and effort later, with faster internet connections and better technical assistance, your ISP will keep your business moving in the right direction at a good pace.

The idea when choosing your ISP is to spend time at the beginning finding the best ISP company to offer great, reliable technical services and affordable prices.

Dylan Brent wrote this for the online marketers for internet service provider, Isoftnet (http://www.isoftnet.co.za)

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Choosing an Internet Service Provider

2008-06-01T22:26:00.001-07:00

The idea when choosing your ISP is to spend time at the beginning finding the best ISP company to offer great, reliable technical services and affordable prices.

Dylan Brent wrote this for the online marketers for internet service provider, Isoftnet (http://www.isoftnet.co.za)

Choosing an Internet Service Provider

2008-06-01T02:44:00.001-07:00

The idea when choosing your ISP is to spend time at the beginning finding the best ISP company to offer great, reliable technical services and affordable prices.

Dylan Brent wrote this for the online marketers for internet service provider, Isoftnet (http://www.isoftnet.co.za)

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2008-05-30T09:54:00.001-07:00

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What's The Relationship Between Bandwidth And Latency?

2008-05-30T01:27:00.001-07:00

So what's is the relationship between bandwidth and latency? If your internet connection speed has the proper bandwidth, why does latency slow it down? Or does it? Just how exactly does latency affect your internet? These are just some of the common questions asked......what follows is some answers in both technical and layman's terms.

Latency is the time it takes your data (packets) to get from point A (your house/modem) to point B ( the destination). Latency happens because of each of the "stops" your data has to make on the way to point B. These stops, called hops, are the different routers and in some cases servers across the internet that handles and routes traffic accordingly. The more hops that get added into the route of your data, the higher your latency will become. The farther away point B is, typically higher latency is experienced, simply because there is more distance and hops encountered. Also, each of these hops can also become busy so to speak, therefore the busier they get the more time it will take them to respond to your traffic requests, hence higher latency.

Most file transfer over the Internet uses TCP/IP. The receiver constantly sends messages back to the sender (ACKS) letting it know all is will or if not which packets need to be resent. If the channel has high latency this reverse communication take too long causing transmitter to stop sending until ACKS are received.

TCP also has a slow start mechanism. The sender has no idea of end-to-end channel capability. A slow start is designed to prevent overwhelming intermediate slower links.

Esentially, your bandwidth is the speed between you and your ISP, anything outside that, your ISP has no control over.

Actually, latency may or may not be an issue. Because latency is the delay between getting information from point A to B, it's much more of an issue in interactive applications then large transfers.

With large transfers, if your bandwidth is sufficient, reliable, and properly configured, you won't notice much of a latency issue with high latency connections. Once the "pipe is primed", the data is flowing at full speed. As long as the ACK packets are returned at a regular interval frequent enough that retransmissions don't occur, the flow will be steady and the only delay is really just during the initial startup of the transfer.

However, with interactive applications, that initial delay is what really can kill you. While it's exaggerated, say you have a 1 second latency and sending a packet takes 1 second. If you are sending a file that's 10 packets long, your total connection time is 11 seconds. If you are sending a single packet and waiting for a response back of a single packet, and you do this twice, your total connection time will be 8 seconds but yet you only sent 40% as much traffic.

Web traffic is kind of in between the two. It's not typically a large transfer, but it's not highly interactive like a online game. Typical page traffic is short bursts of requests (high latency) followed by longer periods of inactivity while you look at the page. There are a few tricks that can be done to help reduce this as an issue. There are proxy servers and pre-fetch utilities that will "preload" the page for you. During that time where you are looking at the page and your connection is setting idle, the prefetcher can download pages that the current one is linked to. When you request one, hopefully the page has been cached and can be displayed much quicker. If not, you are no worse off then having to wait for it to be loaded. This can work good for more static pages but if you are looking for something for dynamic pages (e.g. Google Maps), a prefetcher doesn't work as well or at all. Also, checking to see if your browser is using the appropriate number of connections can improve things.

The bottom line is there is a relationship between bandwidth and latency. But it may or may not be an issue.

Michael is the owner of FreedomFire Communications....including DS3-Bandwidth.com. Michael also authors Broadband Nation where you're always welcome to drop in and catch up on the latest BroadBand news, tips, insights, and ramblings for the masses.

What's The Relationship Between Bandwidth And Latency?

2008-05-30T01:14:00.001-07:00

TCP also has a slow start mechanism. The sender has no idea of end-to-end channel capability. A slow start is designed to prevent overwhelming intermediate slower links.

Esentially, your bandwidth is the speed between you and your ISP, anything outside that, your ISP has no control over.

Actually, latency may or may not be an issue. Because latency is the delay between getting information from point A to B, it's much more of an issue in interactive applications then large transfers.

The bottom line is there is a relationship between bandwidth and latency. But it may or may not be an issue.

What's The Relationship Between Bandwidth And Latency?

2008-05-29T05:53:00.001-07:00

TCP also has a slow start mechanism. The sender has no idea of end-to-end channel capability. A slow start is designed to prevent overwhelming intermediate slower links.

Esentially, your bandwidth is the speed between you and your ISP, anything outside that, your ISP has no control over.

Actually, latency may or may not be an issue. Because latency is the delay between getting information from point A to B, it's much more of an issue in interactive applications then large transfers.

The bottom line is there is a relationship between bandwidth and latency. But it may or may not be an issue.

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2008-05-27T04:25:00.001-07:00

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2008-05-25T09:36:00.001-07:00

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2008-05-24T22:13:00.001-07:00

VOIP Technology on Nokia and Windows Mobile Pocket PC

2008-05-24T02:00:00.001-07:00

Nokia with Internet Service Provider (ISP) CBN and producer of network CISCO cooperate in optimizing implementation of VOIP (Voice over IP) technology what is loaded in Nokia E65, E61I and E90 Communicator cellular phone.

If this economic alternative communications via internet succeed to get the positive response from consumer, Nokia also will invite the other ISP to apply this Technology.

One of service carried by Nokia for Nokia E65, E61I and E90 Communicator user is attend the application of VOIP Setting Wizards. Application made by InTouch claimed by Nokia will very assistive configuration of VOIP base on the Session Initial Protocol (SIP). With VOIP technology in the cellular phone, user can make international call conversation, national, and other user of service provider with the economical tariff, even free of charge certain in a condition. This application is obtainable at Nokia Professional centre, Nokia Sales and Care Centre closest.

Pocket PC, Smartphone and other Windows Mobile based Communication Gadget also powering by VoIP technlogy. But of course you must install third party software wich usually called softphone (Software Phone) before use it. Many alternative of softphone you can get easily, such as SJPhone. The latest version of SJPhone you can download at http://sjlabs.com/sjp.html.

Whatever you like, using Nokia or your Windows Mobile Pocket PC it is recommended to try this alternative communication technology.

For more resources about Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, Smartphone Technology and Programming and gadget review you can visit my site at http://www.ekoriduwan.com

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How To Determine How Much Bandwidth Your Client Needs For Their Business Network Architecture

2008-05-23T09:56:00.001-07:00

When determining the amount of bandwidth a client needs, you first have to understand why the client needs internet/WAN connectivity. Initially you want work with the client to develop an idea of what the client wants to get from the internal network, in other words develop a list of business drivers.

Does the company require*:

?Use of VOIP
?Are they using Voip now
?Will the use it in the future
?How many trunks do they currently support and how much bandwidth is currently being used at the core by those trunks
?Use of IP Telephony (voice to the desktop)
?If they are using IP telephony, are they using only SIP or are they using other protocols and other applications of the feature set on the phones and what are the manufacturers recommended guidelines on bandwidth consumption
?If they are not using IP telephony, do they know what protocols and applications of the feature set on the phones they will use, and what are the manufacturers recommended guidelines on bandwidth consumption
?What internal applications do they use currently
?What are the bandwidth requirements of those applications currently
?What are the manufacturer or developer's guidelines on how much bandwidth to use
?Does the client plan to add additional applications they know are heavy on bandwidth usage?
?Does the client use any security scanning that may take up resources?
?When do the scans occur and are those during peak time
?Do they plan to add security scanning, and if so where (the core or edge or across aggregation points)?
?Does the client currently use QOS, and if so have they manually queued traffic or are they using difserv?

*These are a good sample of questions, but in short, you are conducting a workshop to identify the business and technical drivers of the organization

You will also want to examine the current network design, identify current bandwidth usage across the network, identify bottlenecks, and where T circuits are being employed, where they are using MPLS or metro-e circuits, where they are using dark fiber, if any.

Ultimately you want to understand where their current problems lay from layer 1 and 2 perspectives based on the current design and then you will need to break the network down logically at layer 3 and 4 examining what protocols are being used and how they are being broadcasted across broadcast domains which can create sluggish communications. Is the client using VOIP and not using QOS, is the client using a lot of DHCP relay, are there multicasts being broadcast that are creating superfluous traffic, etc...

Once you have a clear picture of the current network configuration and you have base lined the network, and have identified their current issues via a gap analysis then you can move on to identifying "how much bandwidth they need" internally.

From an external perspective you need to simply perform a firewall analysis of inbound and outbound traffic and match that against the CIR of your ISP pipe(s). You may also want to extrapolate any new data gleaned from your research into the forecasted use of applications for additional bandwidth usage in the future.

So to summarize you will need to use the following methodology:

1. Identify the business requirements and drivers
2. Understand the technical requirements
3. Identify how data is being transported currently
4. Conduct an OSI based network analysis
5. Develop a Gap analysis with suggested solutions
6. Develop a high level plan and provide the customer with an estimated band width requirement based on evidentiary matter obtained in steps 1 - 5.

What Are The Advantages Of T1 Over DSL?

2008-05-22T22:34:00.001-07:00

Here's the question many small to medium size businesses ponder... sometimes to the point of paralysis. "What are the advantages of a T1 are over DSL at the same bandwidth?"

The answer is really much simpler than one would think. The key word here though is... "think".

Unless your major and only concern is cost, a T-1 will win hands down. A T-1 is going to be more reliable. The big plus is if it does go down, the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and QoS (Quality of Service) negotiated with the provider mandates a quick response (as in a few hours) to start fixing any T-1 issues. Whereas a DSL could go down for days and there is nothing you can do about it. With DSL there's rarely any mandated response times for repairs.

Also a T-1 is usually more dedicated than DSL. For example the provider could have 200 customers or more out of one DSLAM... but the T-1 is all for you. You will therefore see less latency and bandwidth problems with your T-1 than you would with a DSL from the same provider. This may not be the case all over... but for most it is true.

Now here's a few facts to further confuse you (hopefully not... but be forewarned).

The DSL cost at about 1.5M is not that much less than burstable T-1 service (sometimes refered to as Full T-1 "as you need it"). This may surprise you, but in the long run (and you'd be foolish to pay full price rather than taking a 36 month term reduction), in this particular situation SDSL may not be that much less expensive even than Full T-1 services. But... and this is a BIG but .... T-1 is the better choice on a straight internet cost/benefit analysis. (not to mention performance issues).

Let me explain...

Internet access (as in internet or data only) is the biggest waste of T-carrier bandwidth for businesses who are not teeny tiny ISP's. The smart thing to do is take your total voice investment (monthly, installation, maintenance, hardware, etc.) and add it to your total internet/data investment. What you will find is that even if you need the full 1.544Mbps for internet/data, you will save thousands of dollars or more by fully integrating voice and data services.

Let me give you some examples of how you can do this:

1) Fiber optics. A very large infrastructure cost offset by a relatively small bandwith usage cost means fiber pays for itself within a couple of years. No brainer - unless there's no fiber to be found.

2) ADTS-E over T-3. Like T-1, DS-3 can also be purchased fractionally. Dedicating certain DS3 channels (1.544Mbps each) for voice and certain ones for data. Configured in this way, DS-3 is not going to be as expensive as you think, and you'll have the advantage of cost/benefit by bundling voice/data and internet through one pipe.

3) ISDN-PRI. Don't laugh, because I know what you're thinking: ISDN???? But your typical ISDN line is ISDN-BRI (2B + D) giving 64k x 64k at a set kbps D channel for signaling. However, ISDN-PRI is technically understood as 23B + D. Meaning 23 B channels at 64k + one D channel at 64k for signal. With intelligent CPE, i.e. a brand new PBX, you can dynamically allocate bandwidth back and forth between voice and data channels as needed. So if your internet requires the entire 1.544Mbps (it probably won't) at any given time it will be available. And when traffic subsides on the data side the channels are returned to be available for voice. ISDN-PRI runs piggyback over a T-carrier line. However, you need at least 1.544 Mbps for dedicated Internet access. Iin which case ISDN-PRI is a brilliant solution because you can provision up to 8 PRI's (that's a maximum of 184 B channels at 64k each) working together. That's a boatload of bandwidth capable of running switched and/or dedicated services dynamically allocated between voice/data and internet at a net savings over your current voice/data internet costs.

Given a reliability comparison between DSL and any of the technologies above, DSL will probably lose until its stabilized, if ever. However, the business rationale for increasing bandwidth must necessarily lean toward integration or become a ridiculous mess of wires, services, and vendors. That means at least T1 or something more.

Here's another overlooked factor ..... The consolidation of unnecessary vendors (through integrating your voice and data) is going to save you money, no matter what area of the business you're talking about. It will save you the confusion of terms, products, pricing, and simple communication factors. Further, your reliability increases because your point of contact/escalation is just a single person or team assigned to your account, and it's just easier in general to hold one company responsible (rather than many) when something goes wrong.

You'll have to get quotes to know for sure, but telecom service integration is the only way to intelligently make use of bandwidth at this time.

It must be pointed out that business applications drive business connectivity. Meaning that in the end the only thing that matters is what you're doing. The means to support the applications will present themselves as viable options along a cost/benefit scale. At that point you will be able to pick and choose according to your budgeting and bandwidth agenda. If you're not then able to decide on a technology, you probably need to hire a consultant.

Here's a tip. You can get that level of assistance to navigate the murky waters of deciding the right bandwidth solution....at no cost too. Simply request a free rate quote and requirements analysis assistance from DS3-Bandwidth.com.

Bottom line is if your Internet connection is "Mission Critical" and your business depends on it, GET THE T-1!! If you just need it for basic email and web surfing .... and it wouldn't kill you if it was down for a day .... look at DSL. If you really want to make the smart play ..... opt for integrated voice and data over a T1 or DS3.

What Are The Advantages Of T1 Over DSL?

2008-05-22T01:03:00.001-07:00

Here's the question many small to medium size businesses ponder... sometimes to the point of paralysis. "What are the advantages of a T1 are over DSL at the same bandwidth?"

The answer is really much simpler than one would think. The key word here though is... "think".

Now here's a few facts to further confuse you (hopefully not... but be forewarned).

Let me explain...

Let me give you some examples of how you can do this:

You'll have to get quotes to know for sure, but telecom service integration is the only way to intelligently make use of bandwidth at this time.

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Top Holiday Spots

2008-05-20T23:58:00.001-07:00

Indonesia

The name Indonesia has its roots in two Greek words: Indos - meaning Indian and "Nesos" which means islands. It is an appropriate description of the archipelago as there are estimated to be a total of 17,508 islands, of which only about 6,000 are inhabited, stretching for 5,150 km between the Australian and Asian continental. The main islands are Sumatra Kalimantan), Sulawesi Irian Jaya), and last but not least Java. The nation's capital, Jakarta, has a fascinating and significant history

Climate-- Indonesia's climate is definitely tropical. The main seasons are summer, winter and monsoon; it is devoid of autumn and spring.

Culture-- Indonesia is rich in art and culture which are intertwined with religion and age-old traditions. The basic principles which guide life include the concepts of mutual assistance or "gotong royong". Religious influences on the community are varied from island to island. Indonesia is rich with culture with 250 - 300 ethnic groups live here.

From graceful court and temple dances to charming folk dances and boisterous play, the performing arts of Indonesia offer an astounding range of types and styles, shadow puppeteer is famous.

Cuisine-- Fish features prominently in the diet as fresh, salted, dried, smoked or a paste. Coconut is found everywhere. The staple food traditionally ranges from rice corn, sago, cassava to sweet potatoes.

Hot spots-Indonesia is a mix of beaches, forests and cities- Amlapura, Bali Barat National Park, Irian Jaya, , Java, , Jakarta, Baluran National Park, Karimunjawa Islands, Kalimantan (Borneo), Gili Islands, Gunung Rinjani (Mount Rinjani), Kuta, , Pulau Bunaken, Rantepao, Tanatoraja, , Sumatra, , Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (Great Bukit Barisan Forest Park), Harau Valley, Jangga Village, Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Lingga Village, Medan, Mentawai Islands, Ngalau Indah Caves, Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon), Padang, Pandaan Beach, Pandi Sikat, Parapat, Samosir Island, Siberut Island, Sipiso-piso Waterfall, Taman Hutan Raya Bung Hatta, and more.

Malaysia

The Malay Peninsula has thrived from its central position in the maritime trade routes between China, India and the Middle East. It is shown on early map with a label that translates as "Golden Chersonese"; the Straits of Malacca were referred to as "Sinus Sabaricus". The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both West and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains. Putrajaya is the newly created administrative capital whereas the capital city isKuala Lumpur. Georgetown, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Alor Sar, Malacca Tow, and Klang are the major cities.

Climate -- It's hot and humid year-round in Malaysia .

Culture -- Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society, consisting of 52% Malays and other indigenous tribes. With Malays, Chinese and Indians living side by side The music, art, food, dance, architecture and general day to day living are influenced by all three to some degree, creating some of Asia's most fascinating sounds, sights and tastes. Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms, it is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include wayang kulit (shadow puppet theatre), silat (a stylised martial art).

Cuisine -- There is a great variety; spicy Malay Food, a seemingly endless variety of Chinese food, exotic cuisine from North and South India, as well as Nyonya and Portuguese Food.

Hot spots -- Malaysia's love of Western-style is abundantly clear in its big cities, Kuala Lumpur, Penang etc. Malaysia boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in Asia. Cameron Highlands, Batu Caves, Lake Gardens ,Sepilok Orang-Utan Rehabilitation Centre, Taman Negara National Park.

Raman Verma is a travel consultant with India tour packages. Provides detailed information on Australia Travel packages.

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Bangkok - Top 10 Must-See Sights

2008-05-20T00:07:00.001-07:00

Grand Palace

This is the archetypal Thailand tourist sight. Going to Thailand and not visiting the Grand Palace would be like visiting Windsor castle and not stopping by to have tea with the Queen (or something). The architecture is superb, the treasures (such as the famous Emerald buddha) breathtaking, the atmosphere uncannily "un-Western", you feel like you really have arrived in Asia as you walk around the Palace taking in the sights and smells.

Wat Pho

Wat Pho is another astonishing temple. This is a real working temple, with a traditional medicine centre and a massage school (you can learn how to do a Thai massage there). I'm a massive fan of Thai massage and can vouch for its effectiveness. Having suffered back pain for over 13 years it was completely eliminated after one Thai massage session and has never given trouble since. Quite incredible. Wat Pho is a fascinating place with lots of nooks and crannies to explore and some substantial treasures such as the Reclining Buddha statue.

Wat Arun

Less glamorous than the previous two Wats, Wat Arun is, however, often the sight that appears on those haunting postcards showing a Wat at sunrise or sunset - perhaps with a mist rolling up the Chao Phraya river. In fact, sunrise (or more typically sunset) is the best time to enjoy the ancient splendour of this ancient Wat. The architectural detail of the Wat is nothing short of amazing - take a boat trip there and enjoy the views from the river.

Oriental Hotel

Some would argue the Oriental Bangkok is the best hotel in the world. While that may have been true 10 years ago, that claim may be less valid today, but is not without considerable merit. While for most of us staying in the Oriental is a little beyond our budget, you can still enjoy the splendour of this fine hotel by spending an evening there. There is much to recommend it. You can sit by the river and enjoy some drinks (and a cooling river breeze), or book one of the fantastic evening dinners, complete with entertainment such as Thai dancing and music. Dinner is taken at traditional Thai "tables" - where you are effectively sitting in the ground and the food is more or less at floor level - fascinating stuff.

As you walk through the Oriental, don't forget to take a look around and especially up - the beautiful architecture of this hotel, built in 1876, is to be savoured.

Baiyoke Sky Hotel

Bangkok is a pretty stunning city with many strangely shaped and very tall buildings. The tallest is the Baiyoke Tower. It's an amazing building and you can't help to notice it on the taxi journey from the airport to downtown Bangkok. The Sky Hotel has a cafe and bar at the very top, which non-residents can use. There is live entertainment, good food and the views can't be beaten.

Mahboonkrong shopping centre (MBK)

MBK is a very famous shopping centre in Bangkok and deservedly so. It is an amazing "Aladdin's Cave" of products. Electrical, t-shirts, cameras, DVDs, CDs, souvenirs, coffee shops, watches, phones...they can all be found in MBK and lots more besides. There is also a whole floor devoted to restaurants...everything from Japanese to Thai to Western and everything in between.

As well as being a great venue for shopping, MBK is also a great place for people watching. Just find a cafe, get yourself an iced tea and relax!

Jim Thompson's House

Jim Thompson is a very well known character in Thailand, not least due to his mysterious disappearance while walking in the Cameron Highlands of Malaysia. Conspiracy theories abound and involvement of the CIA is rumoured. What is known is that Jim Thompson is credited with re-generating the Thai Silk market and becoming a very successful and rich businessman in the process. Jim Thompson was also an avid collector of Thai cultural artifacts, which are still to be seen in his house, which is open to the public. The house is the traditional Thai house style.

The house is also a museum and is one of the most interesting places in Bangkok in my opinion. the architecture and design of the house is amazing and the interiors and breathtaking.

This is an absolutely must-see venue.

Chinatown

There is a very significant Chinese influence in Thailand - many Thais are descended from Chinese immigrants. As such Bangkok has a huge Chinatown, much bigger and more spectacular that either the Chinatowns of San Francisco or London in my opinion.

It's a great place to eat - there are so many restaurants and food stalls to choose from that the best thing to do is just go there and find a place you like the look of. There are also many vendors along the streets and you can buy all manner of souvenirs. I really like buying the distinctly Chinese style products such as mirrors, lanterns and religious items.

Make sure you take your camera - there will be many photo opportunities.

Dusit Park

Sometimes it's nice to get away from the hectic pace of life in Bangkok and dusit Park provides a beautiful and relaxing destination. There's a lot to the park, as well as the beautiful gardens there are several museums on site, including the King Bhumibol Photographic museums, the Ancient Cloth and Silk Museum and the Rank and Portrait Museum. They are a lot more interesting than they sound! The lakeside pavilion is also not to be missed.

Floating Market

The Damnoen Saduak Floating Market is the best of the floating markets. It is located around 60 miles out of Bangkok, so is a bit of a trek, but it is worth it as most of the nearer floating markets in Bangkok are just tourist traps and unpleasant places to visit. This market has retained something of its original character. It's possible to get organised tours out of Bangkok to go there if you don't want to make your own way there.

Johnny Farang has been visiting, living in, and writing about Thailand since 2003. He hopes to retire there one day and is working towards that end. Johnny is founder of the site http://www.dreamofsiam.com which he has been running since 2004.

Bangkok - Top 10 Must-See Sights

2008-05-19T00:24:00.001-07:00

Grand Palace

Wat Pho

Wat Arun

Oriental Hotel

As you walk through the Oriental, don't forget to take a look around and especially up - the beautiful architecture of this hotel, built in 1876, is to be savoured.

Baiyoke Sky Hotel

Mahboonkrong shopping centre (MBK)

As well as being a great venue for shopping, MBK is also a great place for people watching. Just find a cafe, get yourself an iced tea and relax!

Jim Thompson's House

The house is also a museum and is one of the most interesting places in Bangkok in my opinion. the architecture and design of the house is amazing and the interiors and breathtaking.

This is an absolutely must-see venue.

Chinatown

Make sure you take your camera - there will be many photo opportunities.

Dusit Park

Floating Market

Indian Mobile Infrastructure - To 3G or Not To 3G

2008-05-18T07:40:00.001-07:00

To most overseas investors circa 1994, a first look at the Indian Telecommunication Policy appeared to mitigate concerns. In our naivet, we expected this Policy to put India at least on par with China where a stifling regime governed telecommunications. A disastrous implementation however ensured India languished behind its neighbor on tele-density, cellular usage and broadband coverage.

Fortunately, later developments like the Unified Licensing Scheme, albeit a reactionary response to events threatening to overwhelm TRAI (the Regulator), do pull Indian de-regulation ahead of even places like Hong Kong where a unified scenario is only just being discussed. Merits of particular aspects of de-regulation notwithstanding, the overseas investor expects to see a clear roadmap forward if the increase in permissible FDI to 74% has to hold any meaning. The recent imbroglio on the future of the 1900MHz band is an excellent opportunity for TRAI to use the controversy to draw up precisely such a map.

Of equal concern to the foreign investor and something on which operators on both sides of the GSM-CDMA divide concur, is the demise of high margin demand. The future holds a long slog uphill for every rupee increase to the ARPU (Average Revenue per User). Making it more interesting is the futility of erstwhile successful product and marketing strategies under todays margin conditions. Additionally when one last looked, the government had its hand in the till for an unbelievable 22-25% of revenues in the form of license fees, revenue share and a second license fee through a disingenuous spectrum usage charge? Add the Access Deficit Charge (ADC) ransom being paid out to the Dominant carrier BSNL and one cannot blame some investors for setting aside their calculators and heading for the door.

With cellular collection rates at abysmal levels thanks to the pseudo-WLL/CDMA roll outs, the cellular operators look at additional infrastructure investments with trepidation. However, innovative value-added services being one of the few ways to elevate ARPUs out of their funk, invest they must. How intelligently they do so, decides their fate.

The 2003-04 EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) deployment by some GSM operators is the sort of response one hoped to see. Cost effectively providing three times the data capacity of GPRS, EDGE gives operators like Bharti, Hutch and IDEA the delivery system to offer innovative information and entertainment based services, as well as economically venture into rural areas. Using the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure as GSM, EDGE allows existing cell plans to remain intact. On the other hand it uses a new modulation scheme that is also used for UMTS/3G. This makes it a sort of half-way house to 3G, for those still brave enough to contemplate that option. However while EDGE was a smart decision, the jury is still out on 3G.

Emulating European cellular operators whose track record belies such faith, some Indian cellular carriers have nevertheless started chalking out transition paths towards that Holy Grail. Even if the collection rates in India were not as dismal as they are, deploying 3G could be a disaster waiting to happen. It was heartening therefore when the Indian IT Minister stated last year that India aims to leapfrog to fourth-generation wireless technology, skipping 3G as it has not been found cost-effective. This is one of the rare occasions when the industry is well served by listening to its Minister.

However these are mere words until the Honorable Minister first unfetters VOIP (Voice-over-IP). Unless the chastity belt around VOIP networks is discarded and they are allowed to mingle with the PSTN, India is going to tie itself into knots over 4G, inside which by the way, the pervasive theme is IP. Living outside India one usually lags behind unfolding events, but to the best of my knowledge even today the VOIP ?PSTN interconnect incredibly, remain illegal.

One beneficial outcome to the 1996 fiasco surrounding the bids for regional circles has been an all around reluctance to consider further auctions, including for 3G. This saved Indian operators from the fate of their European counterparts. While Europes 3G license fees did nothing to secure a future for the technology, emerging OFDMA (WiFi/ WiMax MMDS) alternatives may very well deliver the coup de grace. Whatever the counter-arguments out there, the fact that 3G services in The UK still resort to distress sales of basic voice services to garner a customer base, says it all.

Unlike EDGE, going 3G does not just involve software upgrades and the math becomes more daunting by orders of magnitude. For starters, the air-interface/ frame structure (WCDMA as against TDMA) is totally different. This means changes at every cell-site in the network. And then of course there is the entire wherewithal required to inter-operate with existing 2G elements of the network.

An alternative however does exist, that until recently dare not speak its name for fear of the Telecommunication establishment.

Contrary to negative press stemming largely from the large cellular operators, its possible to co-opt Wireless LANs (WLANs) into one eco-system with cellular networks. An EDGE-enabled cellular network patched into WLAN (WiFi/WiMax) networks in high density locations could allow Indian operators to deliver high-speed data services with laser precision exactly where required and at far less costs than in 3G-ing a similar area. I trust this is akin to what the IT Minister has in mind. Additionally, such meshed network could provide indoor voice connectivity over cell phones in broadband-enabled locations with poor cellular reception.

An interesting twist comes from the recent furtive WiMax deployment in Japan by Vodafone and elsewhere by other marquee 3G operators, vidicating the position taken in this paper.

The cellular operator may have to offer different fixed line/broadband type tariff structures in these locations, raising fears that they would eat into cellular revenues, But one has to wonder how much of the generated traffic would represent cannibalized revenue and how much would bring in incremental dollars from traffic presently going any way over fixed/wireless broadband and over the different flavors of Voice over Broadband (VoB) services used increasingly from precisely such locations.

No one touts OFDMA air-interfaces as an alternative to WCDMA /3G. Its the integration of the two technologies that creates a potentially winning alternative, especially in the Indian context. Integrating selected WLAN Hot spots into a cellular network requires an IP Network Controller (INC), an IP access network, a patch to allow the WLAN access network to issue the relevant accounting information to the cellular AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) server and an investment in IP roaming. Barring a few more widgets, thats essentially it.

Given the relative simplicity of this solution, anyone who has seen engineers sweat over cell site deployment in congested locations has to wonder why the operators have not already adopted WLAN to augment cellular coverage on the cheap.

Costs aside, there is an interesting aspect of 3G technology that could force operators to consider OFDMA based options to augment cellular data delivery systems. It may not be common knowledge, but 3G differs from 2G (GSM) in one important aspect ?the interdependence of network quality. In 2G, high traffic in one location tends to introduce poor quality in just the particular cell covering that location. In 3G however, the bad quality also impacts surrounding cells because a cell size may vary depending on the traffic load it carries. Called cell-breathing?this is due to the interdependence between capacity and coverage over WCDMA air-interfaces and could end up impacting voice quality.

No service provider however, is going to jeopardize voice quality and capacity for the sake of data. This implies there are merits to a separate data-centric network. And if such options are available at least at the peripheries, at costs substantially lower than the vaunted 3G and if these options appear slated to become the bulwark of future 4G data delivery mechanisms, it then surely behooves the Indian cellular operator not to adopt the same blinkered thinking thats the hallmark of his European counterpart and to look seriously at a GSM/EDGE-WLAN based solution.

It baffles why instead of prevaricating, the European and American cellular companies havent swooped in and massively sequestered wireless access for IP traffic from the fragmented but potentially formidable WLAN and Voice over Broadband (VoB) players. After all, at least for now the cellular operator holds all the cards. Only he gets to decide whether the customer receives a combined cellular + WLAN bill. This gives his combined cellular-WLAN service a killer advantage over any other Fixed/wireless broadband or Vonage-type VoB offering. By now the cellular operators could have usurped great chunks of IP traffic and decimated the upstart VoB players before they ever took root. Alternatively, just a declaration of intent could have the WLAN & VoB players scurrying to negotiate interconnect and revenue share agreements on terms that could only be favorable to the cellular operator.

Its too obvious a scenario and one doesnt expect such shortsightedness to last. T-Mobiles extensive WiFi deployment in the USA and in Europe is apparently with such an end-game in mind. And so was, we hope, the honorable IT Ministers intention, when he squared off against 3G.

BRAHAM SINGH joined PCCW in January 2001 and founded their international IP backbone & service company now called BtNAccess after its merger with Corporate Access, one of Asias largest satellite based service provider. Today, BtNAccess is an established global carrier, offering enterprise & carrier grade services over its MPLS enabled network. Services offered include IP transit, MPLS data circuits/VPNs, voice as well as a leading edge Hosted IP PBX services. The Company is interconnected with 35 carriers globally and its revenues come from an enterprise and carrier customer base in The USA, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia.

Braham came to PCCW from Teleglobe, where he was the Vice President in charge of Asian operations. Prior to Teleglobe, Braham was the Vice President - SE Asia for Sprint / Global One.

Braham has various pioneering achievements to his credit including the first call- back as well as the first ISR launch in Hong Kong, the first Asian frame relay launch outside Japan, the first international connectivity provided to Celcom in Malaysia in 1992.